Anti-Obesity Peptides | |||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References |
AOD 9604 | Stimulates pituitary gland to speed up metabolism and burn excess fat |
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Mark Heffernan et al, Endocrinology, Volume 142, Issue 12, 1 December 2001, https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.12.8522
Frank M. Ng, J Sun et.al, Hormone Research, February 2000, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=AOD%209604 |
Adipotide (FTPP) | Causes disruption of adipocytes (fat forming cells) |
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Barnhart, Kirstin F et al. Science translational medicine vol. 3,108 (2011): 108ra112. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22072637/
Kolonin, Mikhail G et al. Nature medicine vol. 10,6 (2004): 625-32. doi:10.1038/nm1048. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15133506/ |
Tesamorelin | Activates GHRH receptors in pituitary gland leading to increased GH and IGF-1 | https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/tesamorelin-subcutaneous-route/description/drg-20074632 |
Growth Hormone Peptides | |||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References |
Ipamorelin | Triggers pituitary gland to secrete more growth hormones |
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David E. Beck et al., International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-014-2030-8
P.B Johansen et al, April 1999, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/ Gobburu, J.V.S., Agersø, H., Jusko, W.J. et al. Pharm Res 16, 1412–1416 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018955126402 Rogério G. Gondo et al, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 86, Issue 7, 1 July 2001, Pages 3279–3283, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.7.7694 |
Sermorelin | Triggers pituitary gland to secrete more growth hormones |
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Koutkia, Polyxeni et al. JAMA vol. 292,2 (2004): 210-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15249570/
Vitiello, Michael V et al. Neurobiology of aging vol. 27,2 (2006): 318-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16399214/ |
Fragment 176-191 | Triggers pituitary gland to secrete more growth hormones |
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G.Y.W. Ma et al, Volume 716, Issue 3, 1982, Pages 400-409, ISSN 0304-4165 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(82)90033-2
Zhou, Deng-Rong et al. Medicine vol. 100, 5 (2021): e23984. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7870157/ Clinical info drug database. https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/somatropin/patient |
GHRP-2 | Triggers pituitary gland, cAMP pathway and calcium channels |
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Laferrère, Blandine et al. (2005): 611-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824650/
Furuta S, Shimada O, Doi N, Ukai K, Nakagawa T, Watanabe J, 2004;54(12):868-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15646371/ Emanuela Arvat, et al, Peptides, Volume 18, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 885-891, ISSN 0196-9781, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-9781(97)00016-8 |
Hexarelin | Triggers pituitary gland to secrete more growth hormones |
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Bellone J et al, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9801989/
Giustina A, et al, Regul Pept. 1997 May 14;70(1):49-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9250581/ Rahim A, et al, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998 Nov;49(5):659-64. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10197083/ |
GHRP-6 | Binds with GHS-R1a and CD36 receptors & stimulates GH release and reduce cellular death |
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Pimentel-Filho FR, et al, 1997 Mar;46(3):295-300. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9156038/
Frieboes RM, et al, . Neuroendocrinology. 1995 May;61(5):584-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000126883 Cibrián D, et al, Clin Sci (Lond). 2006 May;110(5):563-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16417467/ |
CJC 1295 No DAC | Binds with albumin and promotes growth hormone secretion |
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Valcavi R, et al, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1986 Jun;24(6):693-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3098458/
Ito T, Igarashi H, et al. Peptides. 2001 Jul;22(7):1139-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11445245/ Teichman SL, et al, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Mar;91(3):799-805. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-1536. Epub 2005 Dec 13. PMID: 16352683. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/ |
IGF-1 LR3 | Binds with IGF-1 receptors |
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Anderson, et al. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 464, 65–74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5723243/
Naisi Li et al, Volume 157, Issue 1, 1 January 2016, Pages 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1546 William E. Sonntag, et al, The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Volume 67A, Issue 6, June 2012, Pages 587–598, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls115 |
PEG MGF | Promotes cell proliferation and growth |
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Doroudian G et al, Biomed Microdevices. 2014 Oct;16(5):705-15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24908137/
Deng M, et al, Int Orthop. 2011 Jul;35(7):1099-106. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21057789/ Alec Walker. 20 Jul 2017. https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-biology/2017/07/20/hearts-minds-mice-men-mechano-growth-factor-new-tool-battle-age-related-neuron-loss/ |
MGF | Promotes cell proliferation and growth |
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Kandalla PK, et al. Mech Ageing Dev. 2011 Apr. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21354439/
Liu X, et al, Front Physiol. 2019 May 17;10:601. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31164836/ Dluzniewska J, et al, FASEB J. 2005 Nov;19(13):1896-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16144956/ |
IGF-1 DES | Stimulates excitatory synaptic transmission and cell growth |
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Anderson, Lindsey J et al. Molecular and cellular endocrinology vol. 464 (2018): 65-74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5723243/
Autism Spectrum Disorder. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 Ramsey MM, et al. 2005 Jul;94(1):247-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15985695/ |
Wounds Repair Peptides | |||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References |
TB-500 | Increase production of actin protein |
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Gao, Xy.,et al, Mol Genet Genomics 291, 1639–1646 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-016-1207-y |
BPC-157 | Binds with growth hormone receptors and stimulates cell proliferation |
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Chang, Chung-Hsun et al. Journal of applied physiology vol. 110,3 (2011): 774-80. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030672/
Seiwerth, Sven et al. Current pharmaceutical design vol. 24,18 (2018): 1972-1989. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29998800/ Inflammo-pharmacology vol. 7,1 (1999): 1-14. doi:10.1007/s10787-999-0022-z. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17657443/ |
GHK-Cu | Affects gene expression and resets human genome |
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Pickart, et al, International journal of molecular sciences vol. 19,7 1987. 7 Jul. 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6073405/
Bobyntsev II, et al, Bull Exp Biol Med. 2015 Apr;158(6):726-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25900608/ Sever’yanova LА, Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017 Dec;164(2):140-143. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29181666/ |
ARA-290 | Inhibits TRPV1 channel thereby preventing feeling of pain |
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Watanabe M, et al, Mar;100(3):554-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26683514/
Peng, B., Kong, G., Yang, C. et al. Cell Death Dis 11, 79 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2276-8 Dahan, A., et al, Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 19(1), 334–345. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3883966/ |
Skin Tanning Peptides | |||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References |
Melanotan I | Binds with melanocortin receptors & induce tanning |
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Drug Trials https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trials-snapshots-scenesse |
Melanotan II | Binds with five melanocortin receptors & induce tanning |
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Melanotan, Vitamin and Supplements. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-884/melanotan
Wessells, H et al. International journal of impotence research vol. 12 Suppl 4 (2000): S74-9. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900582. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11035391/ Peters B, et al. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31953620/ Melanotan II overdose associated with priapism. Clinical Toxicology 51:4, pages 383-383. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/15563650.2012.740637 |
Anti-aging Peptides | |||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References |
Epitalon | Decreases MM-9 synthesis, increases cell proliferation |
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Korkushko OV, et al. Normalizing effect of the pineal gland peptides on the daily melatonin rhythm in old monkeys and elderly people. Adv Gerontol. 2007;20(1):74-85. Russian
Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Adv Gerontol. 2002;10:74-84. Russian. PMID: 12577695. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12577695/ |
FOXO4-DRI | Prevents binding of tissue cell with p53 protein which prevents cell aging and death |
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Anne-Laure Bulteau, et al, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Volume 397, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 298-304, https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2001.2663
Wei Hu,et al Progress in Neurobiology, Volume 181, 2019, 101645, ISSN 0301-0082, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101645 |
NAD+ | Act as coenzymes with SIRTs and stimulate stem cell regeneration that prevents aging |
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Wang S, et al, Stroke. 2008 Sep;39(9):2587-95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18617666/
Mehmel, Mario et al. Nutrients vol. 12,6 1616. 31 May. 2020, doi:10.3390/nu12061616 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7352172/ |
Peptides affecting Reproductive System | ||||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References | |
Peptides specific for women | ||||
Bremelanotide | Binds with MC3R and MC4R receptors & stimulate central nervous system | — | Drugs and Supplements, Bremelanotide (subcutaneous route). https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/bremelanotide-subcutaneous-route/description/drg-20466805
Pfaus J, et al, J Sex Med. 2007 Nov;4 Suppl 4:269-79. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17958619/ |
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Oxytocin | Binds with GCPR, induces calcium secretion and thereby uterine contractions |
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Osilla EV, Sharma S. Oxytocin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507848/
Gomes M, J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018 Aug;38(6):745-749. Epub 2018 Mar 9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29523035/ Rabow, S., Hjorth, U., Schönbeck, S. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 18, 453 (2018). https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-018-2029-1 |
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GnRH releasing Peptides (fertility boosters) | ||||
Kisspeptin | Binds with GPR54 receptors and stimulate GnRH release |
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Prague JK, et al, Neuroendocrinology. 2015;102(3):238-45. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26277870/
Tng E. L. (2015). Singapore medical journal, 56(12), 649–656. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4678402/ d’Anglemont de Tassigny X, et al, Mechanistic insights into the more potent effect of KP-54 compared to KP-10 in vivo. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28464043/ |
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Triptorelin | Binds to receptors in pituitary gland which stimulates release of LH and FSH |
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087
Endometriosis Health Center. https://www.webmd.com/women/endometriosis/default.htm Klein K, et al. Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov 1;29(11):1241-1248. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26887034/ LiverTox: Clinical and Research National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Triptorelin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548756/ |
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Gonadorelin | Binds to receptors in pituitary gland which stimulates release of LH and FSH |
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/gonadorelin-intravenous-route-injection-route/description/drg-20067426
Spicer DV, Pike MC. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1994;(16):139-47. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7999456/ Zerbib M. GnRH analogs and prostate cancer treatment. Ann Urol (Paris). 2005 Oct;39 Suppl 3:S66-72. French. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16302714/ |
Immunity Booster Peptides | |||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References |
Thymosin Alpha-1 | Induce T-cell differentiation and macrophage production |
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Dominari A, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7747025/
Chadwick D, et al. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1808897/ Zadaxin (Thymalfasin): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning [Internet]. RxList. 2009. Available from: https://www.rxlist.com/zadaxin-drug.htm#description |
Thymalin | Induce T-cell differentiation and macrophage production |
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Anisimov VN, et al, Biogerontology. 2000;1(1):55-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11707921/
Iangolenko VV. Ter Arkh. 1991;63(10):60-3. Russian. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1725225/ Thymus extract, side effects. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1009/thymus-extract |
LL-37 | Executes antimicrobial properties |
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Ramos R, et al. Peptides. 2011 Jul;32(7):1469-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21693141/ |
Follistatin-344 | Binds with activin and attenuates its effect by inhibiting FSH secretion |
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Ooe H, et al. J Cell Physiol. 2012 Jun;227(6):2363-70https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21826650/
Zimber MP, et al, J Drugs Dermatol. 2011 Nov; 10(11):1308-12 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22052313/ Van der Poel HG, et al, Urol Res. 2003 Feb;30(6):380-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12599018/ |
Humanin | Binds with Bax protein and prevents cell death |
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Changhan Lee et al, Published 18 July 2014, Vol 13 Issue 5. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/acel.12243
Zhenwei Gong et al, https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00043.2015 Emma Eriksson, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 106, Issue 3, March 2014, djt459, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt459 |
Nootropic Peptides (Memory boosters) | |||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References |
Semax | Inhibition of selected enzymes and modulate gene expression |
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Nataliya Yu. et al, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2020.102114
Volodina MA et al, Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012 Mar;152(5):560-3. English, Russian. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22803132/ PMID: 11517472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11517472/ |
Selank | Stimulate GABAergic system and genome expression |
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Medvedev VE, et al, 2014;114(7):17-22. Russian. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25176261/
Uchakina ON, et al, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2008;108(5):71-5. Russian. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18577961/ N.F. Mjasoedov et al, The Influence of Selank on the Parameters of the Hemostasis System, Lipid Profile, and Blood Sugar Level in the Course of Experimental Metabolic Syndrome. April 14, 2014. |
Peptides Affecting Nervous/Muscle Systems | |||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References |
Pinealon | MAPK/ERK signaling pathway |
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Meshchaninov VN, et al,. Adv Gerontol. 2015;28(1):62-7. Russian. PMID: 26390612. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26390612/ |
Thyrotropin | Binds with TRH-1 and TRH-2 receptors and modifies gene expression |
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Sternbach HA, et al, JAMA. 1983 Mar 25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6402617/
Borowski GD, et al, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984 Jan;58(1):197-200https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6417153/ |
ACE-031 | Binds with myostatin and promotes muscle production |
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Morvan F, et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Nov 21;114(47):12448-12453. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29109273/
Relizani K, et al, Mol Ther. 2014 Aug;22(8):1423-1433. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24861054/ Béchir N, et al, FASEB J. 2016 Oct;30(10):3551-3562. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27416839/ |
Multifunctional Peptide | |||
Peptide | Mechanism of action | Additional benefits | References |
VIP | Binds with various receptors on the body organs and executes multiple biological effects |
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Gonzalez-Rey E, et al 2005 Nov;6(11):1116-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16312132/
Kingsbury MA et al, 2015 Dec 1;6:139-147. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26858968/ |